an overview of
alpha-gal syndrome

— by David Plahm

An Overview of AGS

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is a tick-associated allergic reaction to alpha-gal, a sugar molecule found in mammals but not humans, and is triggered by tick bites that sensitize the immune system.

Symptoms, which often appear 3-6 hours after eating red meat or using products containing mammalian ingredients, range from hives and stomach pain to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect anti-alpha-gal antibodies, while treatment centers on strict avoidance of mammalian meat, dairy, and other alpha-gal-containing products, along with managing allergic reactions as they arise.

What is Alpha-Gal Syndrome?

CAUSE

AGS is an allergic reaction to alpha-gal, a carbohydrate
molecule in the saliva of certain ticks and present in most
non-primate mammals.

Mechanism

A tick bite introduces alpha-gal into the human body, causing the immune system to produce IgE antibodies against it.

Triggers

Ingesting mammalian meat (like beef, pork, lamb) or products derived from mammals (such as certain medications, dairy, gelatin) can trigger the allergic reaction.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually have a delayed onset, appearing 2 to 6 hours after exposure to alpha-gal.

Reactions can include:
• Hives, rash, or itchy skin
• Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain
• Difficulty breathing or swelling of the throat
• Lightheadedness or a drop in blood pressure

DIAGNOSIS

A blood test for specific IgE antibodies against alpha-gal can confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Dietary Avoidance: The primary treatment is strict avoidance of red meat and other alpha-gal-containing mammalian products.

Emergency Care: For severe reactions or anaphylaxis, immediate treatment with epinephrine (e.g., EpiPen) and urgent medical care are necessary.

PREVENTION

To reduce the risk of AGS, it’s essential to take precautions against tick bites by using EPA-registered insect repellants, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after spending time outdoors.

an overview of alpha-gal syndrome